SCons: Disable C++ exception handling

Upon investigating the extremely slow MSVC build times in #80513, I noticed
that while Godot policy is to never use exceptions, we weren't enforcing it
with compiler flags, and thus still included exception handling code and
stack unwinding.

This is wasteful on multiple aspects:

- Binary size: Around 20% binary size reduction with exceptions disabled
  for both MSVC and GCC binaries.
- Compile time:
  * More than 50% build time reduction with MSVC.
  * 10% to 25% build time reduction with GCC + LTO.
- Performance: Possibly, needs to be benchmarked.

Since users may want to re-enable exceptions in their own thirdparty code
or the libraries they compile with Godot, this behavior can be toggled with
the `disable_exceptions` SCons option, which defaults to true.

SConstruct

@@ -193,6 +193,7 @@ opts.Add(BoolVariable("vulkan", "Enable the vulkan rendering driver", True))
 opts.Add(BoolVariable("opengl3", "Enable the OpenGL/GLES3 rendering driver", True))
 opts.Add(BoolVariable("openxr", "Enable the OpenXR driver", True))
 opts.Add(BoolVariable("use_volk", "Use the volk library to load the Vulkan loader dynamically", True))
+opts.Add(BoolVariable("disable_exceptions", "Force disabling exception handling code", True))
 opts.Add("custom_modules", "A list of comma-separated directory paths containing custom modules to build.", "")
 opts.Add(BoolVariable("custom_modules_recursive", "Detect custom modules recursively for each specified path.", True))
 
@@ -710,6 +711,16 @@ if selected_platform in platform_list:
             )
             Exit(255)
 
+    # Disable exception handling. Godot doesn't use exceptions anywhere, and this
+    # saves around 20% of binary size and very significant build time (GH-80513).
+    if env["disable_exceptions"]:
+        if env.msvc:
+            env.Append(CPPDEFINES=[("_HAS_EXCEPTIONS", 0)])
+        else:
+            env.Append(CCFLAGS=["-fno-exceptions"])
+    elif env.msvc:
+        env.Append(CCFLAGS=["/EHsc"])
+
     # Configure compiler warnings
     if env.msvc:  # MSVC
         if env["warnings"] == "no":
@@ -739,9 +750,6 @@ if selected_platform in platform_list:
                 ]
             )
 
-        # Set exception handling model to avoid warnings caused by Windows system headers.
-        env.Append(CCFLAGS=["/EHsc"])
-
         if env["werror"]:
             env.Append(CCFLAGS=["/WX"])
     else:  # GCC, Clang